Backup SQL Server Databases with a Windows PowerShell Script
Written By: Edwin Sarmiento -- 10/20/2009 -- 7 comments
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Problem
In a previous tip on Backup and Restore SQL Server databases programmatically with SMO, you've seen how you can use Windows PowerShell to backup and restore SQL Server databases. In this tip, I will cover how to use Windows PowerShell to generate SQL Server backups.
Solution
Generating and maintaining backups are the most important tasks that any DBA has to fulfill. And, as mentioned in the previous tip, SMO can be used to backup and restore a database. There are different ways to backup a database, depending on company policies on disaster recovery. We will be introducing a new SMO namespace that will allow us to create the Backup object. This is an added line in our previous PowerShell scripts to create a new instance of the Backup object.
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$dbBackup = new-object ("Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.Smo.Backup") |
The first property of the Backup object that we need to assign is the name of the database that we need to do a backup on. This is defined by the Database property of the Backup object. The code snippet below defines a Database property for the Backup object to perform a backup on the Northwind database.
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$dbBackup.Database = "Northwind" |
Whenever you generate or create backups, SMO considers this as a Device. This requires us to add the Backup file to the Devices collection of the Backup object, specifying the DeviceType as File. The first parameter in the AddDevice method of the Devices collection is the file name of the backup file with the full path as stored in the file system whereas the second parameter is the DeviceType. While SQL Server supports the use of devices, I normally recommend using the file system to easily identify the backup sets based on the file name using the proper naming convention (one thing you would not want to be worried about during disaster recovery is scrambling to find the valid backup sets).
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$dbBackup.Devices.AddDevice("yourDBbackupFile.bak", "File") |
The next important property of the Backup object that we are interested in is the Action property. The Action property sets the type of backup to be performed - Database, Log or File. The default value of the Action property is set to Database. This property is of importance based on the definition of our service level agreement as you don't just generate backups without understanding the defined SLAs for a specific database or application. For our example, we will define a FULL database backup
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$dbBackup.Action = "Database" |
Once we have defined the properties of our Backup object, it's just a matter of calling the SqlBackup method of the Backup object. The SqlBackup method performs the backup operation as defined by the properties you have set in the Backup object. It accepts a parameter of type Server which represents the SQL Server instance that you have defined as the source of the backup operation.
Combining the code snippets above, here is a working Windows PowerShell script to perform a FULL database backup against the Northwind database, storing the backup file in your file system.
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[System.Reflection.Assembly]::LoadWithPartialName('Microsoft.SqlServer.SMO') | out-null
$s = New-Object ('Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.Smo.Server') "LOCALHOST\SQL2005_1"
#Create a Backup object instance with the Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.Smo.Backup namespace
$dbBackup = new-object ("Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.Smo.Backup")
#Set the Database property to Northwind
$dbBackup.Database = "Northwind"
#Add the backup file to the Devices collection and specify File as the backup type
$dbBackup.Devices.AddDevice("D:\PSScripts\backups\NWind_FULL.bak", "File")
#Specify the Action property to generate a FULL backup
$dbBackup.Action="Database"
#Call the SqlBackup method to generate the backup
$dbBackup.SqlBackup($s) |
Now, since you won't be performing backups of just a single database, it would be better if we loop the entire script in a For-Each cmdlet iterating thru the Databases collection of the Server object.
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[System.Reflection.Assembly]::LoadWithPartialName("Microsoft.SqlServer.SMO") | out-null
$s = new-object ("Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.Smo.Server") $instance
$bkdir = "D:\PSScripts\backups" #We define the folder path as a variable
$dbs = $s.Databases
foreach ($db in $dbs)
{
if($db.Name -ne "tempdb") #We don't want to backup the tempdb database
{
$dbname = $db.Name
$dt = get-date -format yyyyMMddHHmm #We use this to create a file name based on the timestamp
$dbBackup = new-object ("Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.Smo.Backup")
$dbBackup.Action = "Database"
$dbBackup.Database = $dbname
$dbBackup.Devices.AddDevice($bkdir + "\" + $dbname + "_db_" + $dt + ".bak", "File")
$dbBackup.SqlBackup($s)
}
} |
While my only condition for generating backups is to exclude the tempdb database, you can include other conditions such as querying the database property if it is used for database mirroring (IsMirroringEnabled property) or specifying database names if you are sure enough that you won't be needing backups for them. While not really necessary, you also might want to include other Backup object properties such as BackupSetName, BackupSetDescription, and MediaDescription as they can be of help in case you wanted to find out the contents of your backup sets.
NOTE: If you have SQL Server 2008 Client Tools installed on your workstation where you intend to run this PowerShell script, it is important that you add a reference to the Microsoft.SqlServer.SmoExtended namespace. The Backup object and a few other objects were moved from the Microsoft.SqlServer.Smo to the Microsoft.SqlServer.SmoExtended. In the example I provided, I have SQL Server 2005 and SQL Server 2008 running on my machine, thus, requiring that I add a reference to the Microsoft.SqlServer.SmoExtended namespace. SQL Server MVP Allen White has blogged about Loading SMO Assemblies in PowerShell and explains using a custom script to load appropriate SMO assemblies depending on the SQL Server version.
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[System.Reflection.Assembly]::LoadWithPartialName("Microsoft.SqlServer.SMO")| out-null
[System.Reflection.Assembly]::LoadWithPartialName("Microsoft.SqlServer.SmoExtended")| out-null |
Generating Differential and Log Backups
Depending on your service level agreement, you would also need to define either Differential or Log backups to complement your Full backups. This can be done by changing the Action property of the Backup object to either Log for Log backups or setting the Incremental property of the Backup object to a value of 1. Below is a code snippet for generating Log backups, simply by changing the Action property.
Note that you can only do Log backups on databases that are not configured to use the SIMPLE recovery model. This means that your condition for generating Log backups would include a check on the RecoveryModel property
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if($db.RecoveryModel -ne 3) #Don't issue Log backups for DBs with RecoveryModel=3 or SIMPLE
{
$dbname = $db.Name
$dt = get-date -format yyyyMMddHHmm #Create a file name based on the timestamp
$dbBackup = new-object ("Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.Smo.Backup")
$dbBackup.Action = "Log"
$dbBackup.Database = $dbname
$dbBackup.Devices.AddDevice($bkdir + "\" + $dbname + "_log_" + $dt + ".trn", "File")
$dbBackup.SqlBackup($s)
} |
For Differential backups, you would need to replace the Action property with the Incremental property and set the value to 1
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if($db.Name -ne "tempdb")
{
$dbname = $db.Name
$dt = get-date -format yyyyMMddHHmm #Create a file name based on the timestamp
$dbBackup = new-object ("Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.Smo.Backup")
$dbBackup.Incremental = 1
$dbBackup.Database = $dbname
$dbBackup.Devices.AddDevice($bkdir + "\" + $dbname + "_diff_" + $dt + ".bak", "File")
$dbBackup.SqlBackup($s)
} |
Your backup strategies, depending on your service level agreement, will definitely include a combination of either Full and Differential and/or Log backups.
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