By: Ben Snaidero | Comments (3) | Related: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | > Query Optimization
Problem
You've installed SQL Server with all the defaults, created your database and schema then loaded a bunch of data into your database. Now you realize that some or all of the columns in your database needed to have the COLLATION set to be case sensitive. This tip will take you through the steps required to change the column COLLATION of your tables from SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS to SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CS_AS.
Solution
Table Setup
Let's first setup a couple of tables in order to walkthrough these steps required to update the column collation. The following script will create two tables as well as some constraints, indexes and statistics in order to illustrate each of the steps that may be required depending on the design of your schema. For this example we won't add any data to our tables as it wouldn't have any effect on the update process since we are going from case insensitive to case sensitive. It's important to note that if you were performing the reverse update that is from case sensitive to case insensitive, you would also have an extra step of resolving any data issues as the update could result in duplicate data in columns with unique constraints. That said, here is the complete setup script listing.
CREATE TABLE dbo.MainTable
(PKColumn int NOT NULL IDENTITY (1, 1),
CharColumn char(10) NULL,
NCharColumn nchar(10) NULL,
VarcharColumn varchar(50) NULL,
NVarcharColumn nvarchar(50) NULL,
VarcharMaxColumn varchar(MAX) NULL,
NVarcharMaxColumn nvarchar(MAX) NULL,
ComputedColumn AS CharColumn + VarcharColumn)
GO
ALTER TABLE dbo.MainTable ADD CONSTRAINT CK_Table_NVarCharMaxColumn
CHECK (NVarCharMaxColumn IN ('Apple','Pear','Orange','Banana'))
GO
ALTER TABLE dbo.MainTable ADD CONSTRAINT PK_MainTable PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED (PKColumn)
GO
CREATE NONCLUSTERED INDEX IX_Table_NVarcharColumn ON dbo.MainTable (NVarcharColumn)
GO
CREATE STATISTICS Stats_MainTable_VarcharMaxColumn
ON dbo.MainTable (VarcharMaxColumn) WITH FULLSCAN
GO
CREATE TABLE dbo.FKTable
(CharColumn char(10) NOT NULL,
DataColumn int NULL)
GO
ALTER TABLE dbo.FKTable ADD CONSTRAINT PK_FKTable PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED (CharColumn)
GO
ALTER TABLE dbo.MainTable ADD CONSTRAINT
FK_MainTable_FKTable FOREIGN KEY
(CharColumn) REFERENCES dbo.FKTable
(CharColumn)
ON UPDATE NO ACTION
ON DELETE NO ACTION
GO
Identify columns
Depending on your situation you may need to only change the collation of a few columns or possible every column in your database. You can use the following query which will list any columns in your database that have the default collation.
SELECT t.name "Table Name",
c.name "Column Name",
c.collation_name "Collation"
FROM sys.tables t INNER JOIN
sys.columns c ON c.object_id=t.object_id INNER JOIN
sys.types s ON s.user_type_id=c.user_type_id
WHERE c.collation_name LIKE 'SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS'
AND t.type like 'U'
AND t.name not like 'spt%'
AND t.name not like 'MSrep%'
For this tip let's assume that we are changing the collation of every column in our database. If you read the following link, Set or Change the Column Collation, from TechNet you'll notice that there are some restrictions on when you can change the collation of a column. Basically, if a column is referenced by any of the following objects you will not be able to change the collation without first removing these references.
- A computed column
- An index
- Distribution statistics, either generated automatically or by the CREATE STATISTICS statement
- A CHECK constraint
- A FOREIGN KEY constraint
Identify referencing objects
Let's now identify which objects need to be removed before we can make the collation update to our columns. The following queries, one for each category listed above, will identify objects that have a dependency on a column that we are going to be updating. Since we are updating all the columns in the database the only filter I have is "WHERE c.collation_name like 'SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS'". If your requirements are different you can expand on this as required. I've also include a sample output after each query for reference. One other item to note is with the foreign key section. We need to remove the referenced primary key index in order to make the collation update to that column as well so that the section includes two queries. One to identify the foreign key and the other for the primary key.
-- computed columns
SELECT OBJECT_NAME(c.object_id) "Table Name",
COL_NAME(sd.referenced_major_id, sd.referenced_minor_id) "Column Name",
c.collation_name "Collation",
definition "Definition"
FROM sys.computed_columns cc INNER JOIN
sys.sql_dependencies sd ON cc.object_id=sd.object_id AND
cc.column_id=sd.column_id AND
sd.object_id=sd.referenced_major_id INNER JOIN
sys.columns c ON c.object_id=sd.referenced_major_id AND
c.column_id = sd.referenced_minor_id
WHERE c.collation_name like 'SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS'
AND sd.class=1
| Table Name | Column Name | Collation | Definition |
|---|---|---|---|
| MainTable | CharColumn | SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS | ([CharColumn]+[VarcharColumn]) |
| MainTable | VarcharColumn | SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS | ([CharColumn]+[VarcharColumn]) |
--foreign keys
SELECT f.name "Foreign Key Name",
OBJECT_NAME(f.parent_object_id) "Table Name",
COL_NAME(fc.parent_object_id,fc.parent_column_id) "Column Name",
c1.collation_name "Collation",
OBJECT_NAME (f.referenced_object_id) "Reference Table Name",
COL_NAME(fc.referenced_object_id,fc.referenced_column_id) "Reference Column Name",
c2.collation_name "Collation"
FROM sys.foreign_keys AS f INNER JOIN
sys.foreign_key_columns AS fc ON f.OBJECT_ID = fc.constraint_object_id INNER JOIN
sys.columns c1 ON c1.object_id=fc.parent_object_id AND
c1.column_id=fc.parent_column_id INNER JOIN
sys.columns c2 ON c2.object_id=fc.parent_object_id AND
c2.column_id=fc.parent_column_id
WHERE c1.collation_name like 'SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS'
OR c2.collation_name like 'SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS'
-- primary keys
SELECT i.name AS "Primary Key Name",
OBJECT_NAME(ic.object_id) "Table Name",
COL_NAME(ic.object_id,ic.column_id) "Column Name",
c.collation_name "Collation"
FROM sys.indexes AS i INNER JOIN
sys.index_columns AS ic ON i.object_id = ic.object_id AND
i.index_id = ic.index_id INNER JOIN
sys.columns c ON ic.object_id=c.object_id AND
c.column_id=ic.column_id
WHERE i.is_primary_key=1
AND c.collation_name like 'SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS'
| Foreign Key Name | Table Name | Column Name | Collation |
|---|---|---|---|
| FK_MainTable_FKTable | MainTable | CharColumn | SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS |
| Reference Table Name | Reference Column Name | Collation | |
| FKTable | CharColumn | SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS |
| Primary Key Name | Table Name | Column Name | Collation |
|---|---|---|---|
| PK_FKTable | FKTable | CharColumn | SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS |
--indexes
SELECT i.name AS "Index Name",
OBJECT_NAME(ic.object_id) "Table Name",
COL_NAME(ic.object_id,ic.column_id) "Column Name",
c.collation_name "Collation"
FROM sys.indexes AS i INNER JOIN
sys.index_columns AS ic ON i.object_id = ic.object_id AND
i.index_id = ic.index_id INNER JOIN
sys.columns c ON ic.object_id=c.object_id AND
c.column_id=ic.column_id
WHERE c.collation_name like 'SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS'
AND i.is_primary_key <> 1
AND OBJECT_NAME(ic.object_id) NOT LIKE 'sys%'
| Index Name | Table Name | Column Name | Collation |
|---|---|---|---|
| IX_Table_NVarcharColumn | MainTable | NVarcharColumn | SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS |
-- statistics
SELECT s.name "Statistics Name",
OBJECT_Name(c.object_id) "Table Name",
COL_NAME(c.object_id,c.column_id) "Column Name",
c.collation_name "Collation"
FROM sys.stats s INNER JOIN
sys.stats_columns sc on s.stats_id=sc.stats_id AND
s.object_id=sc.object_id INNER JOIN
sys.columns c ON c.object_id=sc.object_id AND
c.column_id=sc.column_id
WHERE c.collation_name like 'SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS'
AND s.user_created=1
AND OBJECT_NAME(c.object_id) NOT LIKE 'sys%'
AND OBJECT_NAME(c.object_id) NOT LIKE 'MSrep%'
| Statistics Name | Table Name | Column Name | Collation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Stats_MainTable_VarcharMaxColumn | MainTable | VarcharMaxColumn | SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS |
-- check constraints
SELECT OBJECT_NAME(cc.object_id) "Constraint Name",
OBJECT_Name(c.object_id) "Table Name",
COL_NAME(sd.referenced_major_id, sd.referenced_minor_id) "Column Name",
c.collation_name "Collation",
definition "Definition"
FROM sys.check_constraints cc INNER JOIN
sys.sql_dependencies sd ON cc.object_id=sd.object_id INNER JOIN
sys.columns c ON c.object_id=sd.referenced_major_id AND
c.column_id = sd.referenced_minor_id
WHERE c.collation_name like 'SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS'
AND cc.type = 'C'
AND sd.class=1
| Constraint Name | Table Name | Column Name | Collation |
|---|---|---|---|
| CK_Table_NVarCharMaxColumn | MainTable | NVarcharMaxColumn | SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS |
| Definition | |||
| ([NVarCharMaxColumn]='Banana' OR [NVarCharMaxColumn]='Orange' OR [NVarCharMaxColumn]='Pear' OR [NVarCharMaxColumn]='Apple') | |||
Drop referencing objects
Now that we've identified everything that we need to remove we can use any tool, including SSMS, to create drop scripts for these objects. Remember to at the same time create a script that will recreate these objects so we can run that after our column definition update is done. Here is the script to drop the objects identified above.
ALTER TABLE dbo.MainTable DROP COLUMN ComputedColumn ALTER TABLE dbo.MainTable DROP CONSTRAINT FK_MainTable_FKTable ALTER TABLE dbo.FKTable DROP CONSTRAINT PK_FKTable DROP INDEX dbo.MainTable.IX_Table_NVarcharColumn DROP STATISTICS dbo.MainTable.Stats_MainTable_VarcharMaxColumn ALTER TABLE dbo.MainTable DROP CONSTRAINT CK_Table_NVarCharMaxColumn
Update the collation
After all that work we can now issue simple ALTER TABLE ... ALTER COLUMN ... statements to update the collation for each column in our database. Here is the script to perform this operation.
ALTER TABLE dbo.MainTable ALTER COLUMN NCharColumn nchar(10) COLLATE SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CS_AS NULL ALTER TABLE dbo.MainTable ALTER COLUMN CharColumn char(10) COLLATE SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CS_AS NULL ALTER TABLE dbo.FKTable ALTER COLUMN CharColumn char(10) COLLATE SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CS_AS NOT NULL ALTER TABLE dbo.MainTable ALTER COLUMN VarcharColumn varchar(50) COLLATE SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CS_AS NULL ALTER TABLE dbo.MainTable ALTER COLUMN NVarcharColumn nvarchar(50) COLLATE SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CS_AS NULL ALTER TABLE dbo.MainTable ALTER COLUMN VarcharMaxColumn varchar(MAX) COLLATE SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CS_AS NULL ALTER TABLE dbo.MainTable ALTER COLUMN NVarcharMaxColumn nvarchar(MAX) COLLATE SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CS_AS NULL
Recreate referencing objects
Once the schema update completes we can run the script we generated above to recreate all of the referencing objects that we dropped earlier. Here is the script for our example.
ALTER TABLE dbo.MainTable ADD ComputedColumn AS CharColumn + VarcharColumn
GO
ALTER TABLE dbo.MainTable ADD CONSTRAINT CK_Table_NVarCharMaxColumn
CHECK (NVarCharMaxColumn IN ('Apple','Pear','Orange','Banana'))
GO
CREATE NONCLUSTERED INDEX IX_Table_NVarcharColumn ON dbo.MainTable (NVarcharColumn)
GO
CREATE STATISTICS Stats_MainTable_VarcharMaxColumn
ON dbo.MainTable (VarcharMaxColumn) WITH FULLSCAN
GO
ALTER TABLE dbo.FKTable ADD CONSTRAINT PK_FKTable PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED (CharColumn)
GO
ALTER TABLE dbo.MainTable ADD CONSTRAINT
FK_MainTable_FKTable FOREIGN KEY
(CharColumn) REFERENCES dbo.FKTable
(CharColumn)
ON UPDATE NO ACTION
ON DELETE NO ACTION
GO
Next Steps
- Read other tips on SQL Server Collation:
About the author
Ben Snaidero has been a SQL Server and Oracle DBA for over 10 years and focuses on performance tuning.This author pledges the content of this article is based on professional experience and not AI generated.
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